The keyword you want to search for is "program synthesis." It already exists, and no neural nets need apply (neural nets tend to be useful only if you can't get anything else to work). As a bonus, it's not probabilistic like AI techniques tend to be but exact, based on SMT solvers and verified proof correctness.
An example of work showcased at this year's PLDI that's capable of doing this sort of stuff:
Fast synthesis of fast collections (https://homes.cs.washington.edu/~mernst/pubs/collection-synt...): specify a database-like data structure for a collection of objects and the list of queries performed on that data structure, and get out code that's as fast as hand-tuned data structures with fewer bugs.
Programmatic and Direct Manipulation, Together at Last (http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2908103&dl=ACM&coll=DL&CFI...): Take an image generated by code (e.g., periodic stripes), and be able to manipulate that image by drag-and-drop, e.g., changing stripe size or period.
Stratified synthesis: automatically learning the x86-64 instruction set (https://stefanheule.com/publications/pldi16-strata/): 60% of the x86-64 instruction set can be formally specified starting from about 60 base or pseudo-instructions (basically, describing each instruction as an assembly program of simpler instructions).
Nice, thanks- particularly the x86-64 instruction set learning. I would kind of put that down as grammar induction rather than program synthesis though.
An example of work showcased at this year's PLDI that's capable of doing this sort of stuff:
Fast synthesis of fast collections (https://homes.cs.washington.edu/~mernst/pubs/collection-synt...): specify a database-like data structure for a collection of objects and the list of queries performed on that data structure, and get out code that's as fast as hand-tuned data structures with fewer bugs.
Programmatic and Direct Manipulation, Together at Last (http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2908103&dl=ACM&coll=DL&CFI...): Take an image generated by code (e.g., periodic stripes), and be able to manipulate that image by drag-and-drop, e.g., changing stripe size or period.
Stratified synthesis: automatically learning the x86-64 instruction set (https://stefanheule.com/publications/pldi16-strata/): 60% of the x86-64 instruction set can be formally specified starting from about 60 base or pseudo-instructions (basically, describing each instruction as an assembly program of simpler instructions).