Back in the 90s I remember taking a course that used Simple ML. I was pretty amazed by it's elegant syntax, and If I remember it correctly, it was either based on, or related to Miranda. I haven't really used a functional language since university. But would love to try one again.
Whats worth checking out? I know nothing. Anything I can use to make a website or an interesting project within a week of learning.
If you want something functional that compiles to JavaScript you can for f# use Fabel [0] and there is a ocaml-like language called reasonML [1] that also does it.
Reason{ML,} is just a new syntax for OCaml, still perfectly round trip translatable I believe (though that's something I expect to diverge over the years). You can use js_of_ocaml or BuckleScript to translate either OCaml or ReasonML written code to JavaScript.