Also:

    x ||= 1
    x &&= 1

and the various built-in methods from Array, Hash, Enumerable, String etc.

These all exist in python, though you use or/and instead x = y or z x = f and y or z you can also use inline if/else x = y if f else z 3rd one just seems like an array of strings? ["One", "two", "three"] Not needing quotes for single words saves some typing tho.