This is first-year CS college stuff. There are many good books (this http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3183240/what-book-to-use-... stack overflow might help) and there should be online courses, I think I watched MIT course about a year or two back to refresh this stuff.
However, especially with Python and Django, you won't be really using this, unless you are actually making program to showcase some data structure or algorithm. It is still important, but with high-level languages, the need to know this is more about the ability to reason about software behavior than actually coding the stuff yourself. With low-level software (which means GPGPU too), you would use it too.
Graphs are bit different, but ultimately similar venue.
Strong disagreement on that second point: with high-level languages it's in some ways more important to know algorithms and data structures as you don't have a compiler hiding inefficiency as well (there are many inefficient C programs which just haven't had enough data to matter). The answer is usually “Use the standard library implementations” but knowing which one fits your problem is an extremely helpful skill.
This goes double for anyone writing SQL queries: ORMs are great at hiding complexity until you need to write a report and are back to big-O.
That is what I meant by saying "you won't use it but understanding it is important". I should have said "you won't code it" for it to be more clear, as I meant that most Python probably don't spend their time reimplementing whateversort, but still should understand what it is and how it works.
I disagree with the beginning of your second paragraph. Even when coding just in Python, a solid understanding of the fundamental data structures and algorithms is very important for writing efficient code. Without it, one can't understand the differences between the containers Python offers and their runtime characteristics, and further can't design efficient algorithms that don't repeat too much work.
Introduction to Algorithms is the standard textbook, data structures and algorithms are language agnostic. For Python specific implementations, Google and Wikipedia are your friends.
