Re. Canvas, yes and no. On the one hand, D3 (data-driven documents) is intrinsically tied to the DOM and I don’t want to compete with standard representations like HTML, SVG and CSS. On the other hand, D3 supports Canvas for geographic projections and we could expand that to include other geometries like d3.svg.{line,area,symbol} and d3.geom.voronoi. But it’s only worth dropping into Canvas if there’s a significant performance bottleneck, and often there isn’t. Jason and I are working on the geometry pipeline so we’ll see. X3DOM also fits well with D3, though I tend to focus on 2D visualization.

First, big thank you for D3, it's an amazing piece of work.

That said, DOM/SVG performance is still a problem with mobile browsers. We tried to do D3 based visualization tool that would work well in mobile. Especially with panning and zooming, which are natural gestures in mobile and often useful because of the limited screen estate, you will hit rendering performance problems easily.

With a proper use of CSS transforms, culling of data points and intelligent redrawing, you can get the performance to adequate levels on iOS Safari, but you have to throw away the pure data-driven documents approach and start to think it more from the "rendering pipeline" angle.

> it’s only worth dropping into Canvas if there’s a significant performance bottleneck, and often there isn’t

Well actually, I find that when displaying more than a few hundred polygons (or even simpler elements, actually) then SVG often becomes problematic (especially on Firefox).

Have you tried batching updates? Reducing number of repaints? Most likely you can bump it to at least several thousands polygons if only you reduce the number of DOM updates.

It depends a lot on the complexity of the polygons of course, and my "a few hundred" was a bit low. What I am actually thinking of (what I'm often doing) is displaying data about France, and no matter what you do, one polygon for each of the 36000 communes, or even for each of the 3000 cantons, is always too much for Firefox. Using a canvas greatly limits interactivity though

Thinking about it, maybe a good solution (to have both a detailed map and tooltips or other contextual things) would be a canvas with precise borders, overlaid with simplified transparent SVG polygons (say, a Voronoi diagram from each polygon centroid, or something).

Not to be completely contrary - in fact, I much prefer SVG + D3 to canvas - but the canvas actually can support quite complex interaction and be performant if you put the time into it.

Take a look at OpenLayers 3. They have a few examples they use as benchmarks for canvas rendering: http://ol3js.org/en/master/examples/synthetic-lines.html http://ol3js.org/en/master/examples/synthetic-points.html

Granted, these absolutely crush Firefox (Chrome handles them fantastically; IE about average), but they're still great examples to how performant the canvas can be. As far as interactivity goes, all you need are a little bit of extra attention to your events and rendering, and it works just as well, if not better, than SVG in many cases. Look at http://ol3js.org/en/master/examples/draw-and-modify-features... for a good example.

And you're right regarding SVG overlays on a canvas - it actually works quite well: http://ol3js.org/en/master/examples/d3.html

Of course, OL3 is both highly specialized to mapping applications (you know, being mapping library and all), and highly optimized for canvas rendering, but it does serve to show flexible canvas can be.

(edit for formatting)

Here's a technique for adding hover/click events to a canvas map. Use a second hidden canvas which has a unique rgb color for each of the regions. Invert the x/y mouse position to lat/lon, lookup the color in the hidden canvas, then lookup the region using that color.

You can make the hidden canvas 2x larger than the visible canvas to get good precision on the borders of regions. It's admittedly hacky, but has good performance characteristics since it only uses two canvas elements.

http://bl.ocks.org/syntagmatic/6645345 (hover only activates on mousemove, so the selected region can slide off the cursor)

Slight tangent: in those cases where canvas is desired only for the ability to convert a visualization into a PNG (rather than performance), it is possible to serialize a D3-created SVG into an XML string and render it to an image/canvas. The process is straightforward for Chrome and Firefox, but needs the canvg library for Safari.